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{{Multiple issues|
{{More footnotes needed|date=May 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2021}}
}}
[[File:African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg|right|thumb|300px|Diachronic map of [[pre-colonial African kingdoms]]]]
{{See also|List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history}}
'''African empires''' is an umbrella term used in [[African studies]] to refer to a number of [[pre-colonial African kingdoms]] in [[Africa]] with multinational structures incorporating various populations and polities into a single entity, usually through conquest.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0816038139 ''Cultural Atlas of Africa'', pp. 48 (Dr. Jocelyn Murray, 1998)]</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0385041381 ''Guide to African history''. pp.9 (1971, by Basil Davidson)]</ref><ref>Mwakikagile, page 206</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1580462561 ''Writing African History''] pp. 303 (2007, ed John Edward Philips, art Dr Isaac Olawale Albert)</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0006QF378 ''African empires and civilizations: ancient and medieval''] (1992, by George O Cox)</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/search?index=books&linkCode=qs&keywords=0933121032 ''African glory: the story of vanished Negro civilizations''] pp. 77, (Prof. John Coleman De Graft-Johnson, 1954)</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0684826674 ''Africa in History''] (1995, Basil Davidson)</ref>
Listed below are known African [[empire]]s and their respective capital cities.
==Historical development==
===Sahelian kingdoms===
{{main|Sahelian kingdoms}}
[[File:Mapa mali.svg|thumb|[[Mali Empire]] circa 1350]]
The Sahelian kingdoms were a series of medieval empires centred on the [[Sahel]], the area of grasslands south of the [[Sahara]].
* The first major state to rise in this region was the [[Ghana Empire|Ghana Empire (Wagadu)]]. The name Ghana, often used by historians, was the regional title given to the ruler of the Wagadu empire.<ref name="The Civilizations of Africa">{{cite book|title=The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800 |isbn=081392085X|last1=Ehret|first1=Christopher |year=2002}}</ref> Centered in what is today [[Senegal]] and [[Mauritania]], it was the first to benefit from the introduction of gold mining. Ghana's imperial era has been theorized to have initiated around 100 CE to 300 CE then come to dominate the region between about 750 and 1078. Smaller states in the region at this time included [[Takrur]] to the west, the [[Malinke]] kingdom of Mali to the south, and the [[Songhai Empire]] centred on [[Gao]] to the east.
* When Ghana atrophied in the face of invasion from the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravids]], a series of brief kingdoms followed taking up the mantle of regional power, notably that of the [[Sosso|Sosso (Susu)]]; after 1235, the [[Mali Empire]] rose to dominate the region completely filling the imperial vacuum left by the once powerful Ghana Empire. Located on the [[Niger River]] to the west of Ghana in what is today [[Niger]] and [[Mali]], it reached its peak in the 1350s, but had lost control of a number of vassal states by 1400.
* The most powerful of these states was the [[Songhai Empire]], which expanded rapidly beginning with king [[Sonni Ali]] in the 1460s. By 1500, it had risen to stretch from [[Cameroon]] to the [[Maghreb]], the largest state in African history. It too was quite short-lived and collapsed in 1591 as a result of [[Morocco|Moroccan]] [[musket]]ry.
* Far to the east, on [[Lake Chad]], the state of [[Bornu Empire|Kanem-Bornu]], founded as Kanem in the 9th century, now rose to greater preeminence in the central Sahel region. To their west, the loosely united [[Hausa people|Hausa]] city-states became dominant. These two states coexisted uneasily, but were quite stable.
* In 1810, the [[Sokoto Caliphate]] rose and conquered the Hausa, creating a more centralized state. It and Kanem-Bornu would continue to exist until the arrival of Europeans, when both states would fall and the region would be divided between [[France]] and [[Great Britain]].
* The [[Jolof Empire]] ruled parts of [[Senegal]] from 1350 to 1549. After 1549, its vassal states were fully or ''de facto'' independent; in this period it is known as the [[Jolof Kingdom]]. It was largely conquered by the [[imamate of Futa Jallon]] in 1875 and its territories fully incorporated into [[French West Africa]] by 1890.
===Empires of 15th–19th century Africa===
From the 15th century until the final [[Scramble for Africa]] in the late 19th century a number of empires were also established south of the Sahel, especially in [[West Africa]].
====West Africa====
{{further|History of West Africa}}
The West African empires of this period peaked in power in the late 18th century, paralleling the peak of the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. These empires implemented a culture of permanent warfare in order to generate the required numbers of captives required to satisfy the demand for slaves by the European colonies. With the gradual [[abolitionism|abolition]] of slavery in the European colonial empires during the 19th century, slave trade again became less lucrative and the West African empires entered a period of decline, and mostly collapsed by the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/slav/hd_slav.htm|title=The Transatlantic Slave Trade|last=Bortolot|first=Alexander Ives|date=May 2009|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|access-date=13 January 2010}}</ref>
* The [[Kingdom of Dagbon]] was founded by [[Naa Gbewaa]] circa 11th Century. The Kingdom is one of the largest and oldest in modern Ghana. This kingdom spanned across Northern Ghana, North East Ivory Coast, Southern Burkina Faso and North West Togo. It is the progenitor of the Mossi Kingdoms of Burkina Faso founded by [[Yennega]], the Bouna of Ivory Coast and the Dagaaba states. The kingdom is known for its fierce resistance to slavery.
* The [[Kingdom of Nri]] was unusual in the history of world government in that its leader exercised no military power over his subjects. The kingdom existed as a sphere of religious and political influence over much of [[Igboland]], and was administered by a [[priest]]-[[king]] called the [[eze Nri]]. The eze Nri managed trade and diplomacy on behalf of the Igbo people, and was the possessor of divine authority in religious matters.
* The [[Oyo Empire]] (1400–1895) was a [[West African]] empire of what is today western [[Nigeria]]. The empire was established by the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] in the 15th century and grew to become one of the largest West African states. It rose to prominence through wealth gained from trade and its possession of a powerful [[cavalry]]. The Oyo Empire was the most politically important state in the region from the mid-17th to the late 18th century, holding sway not only over other Yoruba states, but also over the [[Fon people|Fon]] kingdom of [[Dahomey]] (located in the state now known as the [[Benin|Republic of Benin]]).
* [[Benin Empire]] (1240–1897), a pre-colonial African empire of modern [[Nigeria]], Ancient [[Benin Empire]] was one of the oldest and most highly developed states in the coastal hinterland of [[West Africa]], The empire offers a snapshot of a relatively well-organized and sophisticated African polity in operation before the major European colonial interlude.
* [[Kaabu|Kaabu Empire]] (1537–1867), a [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] Kingdom of [[Senegambia]] (centered on modern northeastern [[Guinea-Bissau]] but extending into [[Casamance]], [[Senegal]]) that rose to prominence in the region thanks to its origins as a former province of the [[Mali Empire]]. After the decline of the Mali Empire, Kaabu became an independent kingdom.
* [[Aro Confederacy]] (1690–1902), a trading union orchestrated by the [[Igbo people|Igbo]] subgroup, the [[Aro people]], centered in [[Arochukwu]] in present-day Southeastern [[Nigeria]].
* [[Bonoman]] (11th century–19th century), earliest known Akan state. Gold trading and Kola nut trading with Northern Neighbors brought wealth and prosperity to Akan creators of this state. Culture influenced much of modern Akan culture.
* [[Gbokpoe Dynasty]] was founded in 1700. This dynasty ruled [[Djanglanmey]], [[Grand-Popo|Grand-popo]]. In the region this clan was the famous slave trader.
* The [[Kingdom of Wémè]] was founded during the height of the slave trade in the late 17th century. Nowadays it is centred in modern-day [[Benin]], ruled by its own traditional legitimate monarch in the Ouémé Valley.
* [[Ashanti Empire]] (1701–1894), a pre-colonial Akan West African state of what is now the [[Ashanti Region|Ashanti]] Region in [[Ghana]]. The empire stretched from central [[Ghana]] to present day [[Togo]] and [[Côte d'Ivoire]], bordered by the [[Kingdom of Dagbon|Dagomba]] kingdom to the north and [[Dahomey]] to the east. Today, the [[List of rulers of Asante|Ashanti monarchy]] continues as one of the constitutionally protected, sub-national traditional states within the Republic of Ghana.
* Various states by [[Akan people]] (11th century–19th century)
* [[Kong Empire]] (1710–1898) centered in north eastern [[Côte d'Ivoire]] that also encompassed much of present-day [[Burkina Faso]].
* [[Bamana Empire]] (1712–1896), based at [[Ségou]], now in [[Mali]]. It was ruled by the Kulubali or Coulibaly dynasty established c. 1640 by [[Fa Sine]] also known as [[Biton-si-u]]. The empire existed as a centralized state from 1712 to the 1861 invasion of [[Toucouleur Empire|Toucouleur]] conqueror El Hadj [[Umar Tall]].
* [[Sokoto Caliphate]] (1804–1903), an Islamic empire in [[Nigeria]], led by the [[Sultan of Sokoto]], [[Sa'adu Abubakar]]. Founded during the [[Fulani Jihad]] in the early 19th century, it was one of the most powerful empires in sub-Saharan Africa prior to European conquest and colonization. The caliphate remained extant through the colonial period and afterwards, though with reduced power.
* [[Wassoulou Empire]] (1878–1898), a short-lived empire built from the conquests of [[Dyula people|Dyula]] ruler [[Samori|Samori Ture]] and destroyed by the French colonial army.
* [[Akwa Akpa]] (18th century), '''Duke Town''', originally known as '''Atakpa''', is an [[Efik people|Efik]] city-state that flourished in the 19th century in what is now southern [[Nigeria]]. The City State extended from now [[Calabar]] to [[Bakassi]] in the east and [[Oron (state)|Oron]] to the west.
* [[Ife Empire]] (1200 - 1420) The Ife Empire was the first empire in Yoruba history. It was founded in what is now southwestern Nigeria and eastern Benin today. The Ife Empire lasted from 1200 to 1420. Its capital city, Ilé-Ife, was one of the largest urban centers, the biggest emporium, and the wealthiest polity south of the Niger River during the mid-14th-century.
====Central Africa====
{{further|History of Central Africa}}
* The [[Kongo Kingdom]] (1400–1888) was a quasi-imperial state as is evident by the number of people and kingdoms that paid it tribute. If not for the large amount of text written by the EssiKongo that repeatedly called themselves a kingdom, they would be listed as the "Kongo Empire".
* The [[Luba Empire]] (1585–1885) arose in the marshy grasslands of the [[Upemba Depression]] in what is now southern [[Democratic Republic of Congo]].
* [[Lunda Empire]] (1660–1887) in what is now the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], north-eastern [[Angola]] and northwestern [[Zambia]]. Its central state was in [[Katanga Province|Katanga]].
* [[Central African Empire]] (1976–79) was a short-lived and self-stylised 'Imperial' [[one-party state]] ruled by an [[absolute monarch]] that replaced the [[Central African Republic]] and was, in turn, replaced by the restoration of the Republic.
====Southern Africa====
{{further|History of Southern Africa}}
The ancestors of the [[Kalanga people|Kalanga]]/[[Shona people|Karanga]] and [[Venda people|Venda]] people found in [[South Africa]], [[Botswana]], and [[Zimbabwe]] today would intermarry with [[San people|San Bushmen]] around the region of [[Limpopo]], forming the first ever drystone walling{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}, which dates back to 200 BC and is still found in [[Chiredzi]] today. The purpose of this drystone walling was to protect the king from dangers related to population increase and agricultural expansion. This drystone walling eventually lost its original purpose of protecting the king; thereafter it became a symbol of unity of the people and of the power of the king{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}. This would give rise to the [[Kingdom of Mapungubwe]]{{Clarify|reason = what is "this"?|date=June 2023}}, which was a sister city to the contemporaneous city [[Great Zimbabwe]]. The [[Kingdom of Mutapa|Mutapa Empire]] would rise in 1450{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}.
The [[Mutapa Empire]] or Empire of Great Zimbabwe (1450–1629) was a medieval kingdom located between the [[Zambezi]] and [[Limpopo River|Limpopo]] rivers of [[Southern Africa]] in the modern states of [[Zimbabwe]] and [[Mozambique]]. Remnants of the historical capital are found in the ruins of [[Great Zimbabwe]].
* [[Zulu Kingdom]]
* [[Maravi Empire]] or Marawi or Merowi or Merowe/Meroe Empire. Not to be confused with Ancient [[Meroe]].
* [[Kingdom of Mapungubwe]]
* [[Rozvi Empire]]
* [[Torwa Empire]]
* [[Xhosa people|Xhosa Kingdom]]
====East Africa====
{{further|History of East Africa}}
* The [[Empire of Kitara]] in the area of the [[African Great Lakes]] has long been treated as a historical entity<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theafricanhistory.com/1812|title = Empire of Kitara: One of the oldest African Empires that existed since 900 AD to date|date = 2 May 2021|website=Theafricanhistory.com}}</ref>
* The [[Kingdom of Buganda|Buganda Kingdom]] (1500–present), home of the [[Buganda|Buganda people]] of [[Uganda]]
* The medieval [[Swahili culture|Swahili city-states]]
* The [[Wanga Kingdom]], home of the Wanga (AbaWanga) tribe of the [[Luhya people]]. The largest empire in precolonial [[Kenya]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Owuor |first1=Bethwell |last2=Wycliffe |first2=Wanzala |last3=Martin |first3=Gakuubi |last4=Ndondolo |first4=Shiracko |title=A survey of ethnobotany of the AbaWanga people in Kakamega County, western province of Kenya |journal=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge |date=2016-01-01 |volume=15 |pages=93–102 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289534416 |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>
* [[Land of Punt|Ancient land of Punt]] (2500 BC)
* Ancient [[Barbara (region)|Barbara/Barbaroi]] cities and states mentioned in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century).
** [[Opone|Opone/Xāfūn]] (1000 BC – 5th century AD)
** [[Heis (town)|Mundus/Xīs]]
** [[Mosylon|Mosylon/Bōsāso]]
** [[Malao|Malao/Berbera]]
** [[Nikon (Somalia)|Nikon/Būr Gābo]]
** [[Sarapion|Sarapion/Muqdisho]]
* [[Kingdom of Aksum]] (1st century – 9th century)
* [[Kingdom of Bazin]] (9th century)
* [[Kingdom of Belgin]] (9th century)
* [[Kingdom of Jarin]] (9th century)
* [[Kingdom of Qita'a]] (9th century)
* [[Kingdom of Nagash]] (9th century)
* [[Kingdom of Tankish]] (9th century)
* [[Sultanate of Mogadishu]] (10th century – 16th century)
* [[Ethiopian Empire]] (1137–1974)
** [[Zagwe dynasty]] (1137–1270)
** [[Solomonic dynasty]] (1270–1974)
* [[Sultanate of Ifat]] (1285–1415)
* [[Isaaq|Isaaq Sultanate]] (17th century –1884)
* [[Ajuran Sultanate]] (1300s–1700s)
* [[Adal Sultanate]] (1415–1555)
* [[Sultanate of Harar]] (1526–1577)
* [[Emirate of Harar]] (1647–1887)
* [[Sultanate of the Geledi]] (late 17th century – late 19th century)
* [[Majeerteen Sultanate]] (mid-18th century – early 20th century)
* [[Sultanate of Aussa]] (1734–present)
* [[Kingdom of Gomma]] (early 1800s–1886)
* [[Kingdom of Jimma]] (1830–1932)
* [[Kingdom of Gumma]] (1840–1902)
* [[Sultanate of Hobyo]] (1880s–1920s)
* [[Dervish state]] (1896–1920)
====North Africa====
{{further|History of North Africa}}
===== Ancient North African empires =====
[[File:Carthage Holdings.png|alt=|thumb|268x268px|[[Ancient Carthage]] and its dependencies in 264 BC]]
Pre-[[Islam]]ic empires of North Africa:
* [[Ancient Egypt]] (3100–650 BC)
* [[Kingdom of Kerma]] (2500–1500 BC)
* [[Kingdom of Kush]] (1070 BC–350 AD)
** [[Nobatia]] (350–650 AD)
** [[Kingdom of Makuria|Makuria]] (340–1312 AD)
** [[Alodia]] (6th Century AD–1504 AD)
* [[Ancient Carthage]] (575–146 BC)
* [[Kingdom of Numidia]] (202 BC–40 BC)
=====Islamic North African empires=====
* In [[Algeria]]:
** [[Rustamid dynasty]] (776–909)
** [[Banu Ifran|Banu Ifran dynasty]] (830–1040)
** [[Zirid dynasty]] (947–1090)
** [[Fatimid dynasty]] (909–1171)
** [[Hammadid dynasty]] (1014–1152)
** [[Kingdom of Tlemcen]] (1235–1554)
** [[Kingdom of Ait Abbas]] (1510–1872)
** [[Kingdom of Kuku]] (1515–1638)
** [[Ottoman Algeria]] (1515–1830)
* In [[Morocco]]:
** [[Idrisid dynasty]] (789–974)
** [[Almoravid dynasty]] (1061–1145)
** [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad dynasty]] (1145–1244)
** [[Marinid dynasty]] (1244–1465)
** [[Wattasid dynasty]] (1471–1554)
** [[Saadi dynasty]] (1554–1666)
** [[Alaouite dynasty]] (1666–present)
* In [[Tunisia]]:
** [[Aghlabids|Aghlabid dynasty]] (800-909)
** [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid dynasty]] (Tunisian period) (921–969)
** [[Zirid dynasty]] (973–1148)
** [[Hafsid dynasty]] (1229–1574)
** [[Beylik of Tunis|Husainid dynasty]] (1705-1881)
* In [[Egypt]]:
** [[Tulunids|Tulunid dynasty]] (868–905)
** [[Ikhshidids|Ikhshidid dynasty]] (935–969)
** [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid dynasty]] (Egyptian period) (969–1171)
** [[Ayyubid dynasty]] (1171–1254)
** [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk dynasty]] (1250–1517)
* In [[Sudan]]:
** The [[Sennar Sultanate]] (1502–1821) was a [[sultanate]] in the north of [[Sudan]]. It was named Funj after [[Funj people|the ethnic group]] of its dynasty or Sinnar (or Sennar) after its capital, which ruled a substantial area of the Sudan region.
==Comparison==
[[Jan Vansina|Vansina]] (1962) discusses the classification of [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n kingdoms, mostly of Central, South and East Africa, with some additional data on West African (Sahelian) kingdoms distinguishing five types, by decreasing centralization of power:
# '''[[Despotic]] kingdoms''': Kingdoms where the king controls the internal and external affairs directly. Examples are Ruanda, Nkore, Soga and Kongo in the 16th century
# '''Regal kingdoms''': Kingdoms where the king controls the external affairs directly, and the internal affairs via a system of overseers. The king and his chiefs belong to the same clans or lineages.
# '''Incorporative kingdoms''': Kingdoms where the king controls only the external affairs with no permanent administrative links between him and the chiefs of the provinces. The hereditary chiefdoms of the provinces were left undisturbed after conquest. Examples are the Bamileke, Lunda, Luba, Lozi.
# '''Aristocratic kingdoms''': The only link between central authority and the provinces is payment of [[tribute]]. These kingdoms are morphologically intermediate between regal kingdoms and federations. This type is rather common in Africa, examples including the Kongo of the 17th century, the Cazembe, Luapula, Kuba, Ngonde, Mlanje, Ha, [[Zinza people|Zinza]] and [[Chagga States]] of the 18th century.
# '''Federations''': Kingdoms (such as the [[Ashanti Union]]) where the external affairs are regulated by a council of elders headed by the king, who is simply ''primus inter pares''.
==See also==
* [[History of Africa]]
* [[Classical African civilizations]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |author=Hunwick, John O. |title=Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʻdī's Taʼrīkh Al-sūdān Down to 1613 and Other Contemporary Documents |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |location=Leiden |year=2003 |pages=488 Pages |isbn=90-04-12822-0}}
* {{cite journal |last=Vansina|first=Jan |author-link=Jan Vansina |title=A Comparison of African Kingdoms |year=1962|journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=324–335 |doi=10.2307/1157437 |s2cid=143572050|jstor=1157437}}
* Turchin, Peter and Jonathan M. Adams and Thomas D. Hall: "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States", ''[[Journal of World-Systems Research]]'', Vol. XII, No. II, 2006, {{doi|10.5195/jwsr.2006.369}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=Gates, Henry Louis & Kwame Anthony Appiah |title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |publisher=Basic Civitas Books |location=New York |year=1999 |isbn=0-465-00071-1 |postscript=. 2095 pages |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi }}
* {{cite book |author=Hempstone, Smith |title=Africa, Angry Young Giant |publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC |location=Whitefish |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-548-44300-2 |postscript=. 664 pages}}
* {{cite book |author=Mwakikagile, Godfrey |title=Africa and the West |publisher=Nova Publishers |location=Hauppauge |year=2000 |isbn=1-56072-840-X |postscript=. 243 pages}}
* {{cite book |author=Oliver, Roland |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory05fage |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1975 |isbn=0-521-20981-1}}
* {{cite book |author=Oliver, Roland & Anthony Atmore |title=Medieval Africa 1250–1800 |url=https://archive.org/details/medievalafrica1200rola |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2001 |isbn=0-521-79372-6 |postscript=. 251 pages}}
* {{cite book |author=Shillington, Kevin |title=Encyclopedia of African History Volume 1 A–G |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2005 |isbn=1-57958-245-1 |postscript=. 1912 pages}}
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190519102901/http://www.africankingdoms.com/ African Kingdoms]
* [http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/Haffenreffer/yoruba2.html Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology] at [[Brown University]]
{{Empires}}
{{Africa topics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:African Empires}}
[[Category:Former empires in Africa| ]]
[[Category:Former countries in Africa|*]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Africa|*]]
[[Category:Pan-Africanism]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Umbrella term for some pre-colonial African kingdoms}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More footnotes needed|date=May 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2021}}
}}
[[File:African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg|right|thumb|300px|Diachronic map of [[pre-colonial African kingdoms]]]]
{{See also|List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history}}
'''African empires''' is an umbrella term used in [[African studies]] to refer to a number of [[pre-colonial African kingdoms]] in [[Africa]] with multinational structures incorporating various populations and polities into a single entity, usually through conquest.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0816038139 ''Cultural Atlas of Africa'', pp. 48 (Dr. Jocelyn Murray, 1998)]</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0385041381 ''Guide to African history''. pp.9 (1971, by Basil Davidson)]</ref><ref>Mwakikagile, page 206</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1580462561 ''Writing African History''] pp. 303 (2007, ed John Edward Philips, art Dr Isaac Olawale Albert)</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0006QF378 ''African empires and civilizations: ancient and medieval''] (1992, by George O Cox)</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/search?index=books&linkCode=qs&keywords=0933121032 ''African glory: the story of vanished Negro civilizations''] pp. 77, (Prof. John Coleman De Graft-Johnson, 1954)</ref><ref>[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0684826674 ''Africa in History''] (1995, Basil Davidson)</ref>
Listed below are known African [[empire]]s and their respective capital cities.
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==Historical development==
===Sahelian kingdoms===
{{main|Sahelian kingdoms}}
[[File:Mapa mali.svg|thumb|[[Mali Empire]] circa 1350]]
The Sahelian kingdoms were a series of medieval empires centred on the [[Sahel]], the area of grasslands south of the [[Sahara]].
* The first major state to rise in this region was the [[Ghana Empire|Ghana Empire (Wagadu)]]. The name Ghana, often used by historians, was the regional title given to the ruler of the Wagadu empire.<ref name="The Civilizations of Africa">{{cite book|title=The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800 |isbn=081392085X|last1=Ehret|first1=Christopher |year=2002}}</ref> Centered in what is today [[Senegal]] and [[Mauritania]], it was the first to benefit from the introduction of gold mining. Ghana's imperial era has been theorized to have initiated around 100 CE to 300 CE then come to dominate the region between about 750 and 1078. Smaller states in the region at this time included [[Takrur]] to the west, the [[Malinke]] kingdom of Mali to the south, and the [[Songhai Empire]] centred on [[Gao]] to the east.
* When Ghana atrophied in the face of invasion from the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravids]], a series of brief kingdoms followed taking up the mantle of regional power, notably that of the [[Sosso|Sosso (Susu)]]; after 1235, the [[Mali Empire]] rose to dominate the region completely filling the imperial vacuum left by the once powerful Ghana Empire. Located on the [[Niger River]] to the west of Ghana in what is today [[Niger]] and [[Mali]], it reached its peak in the 1350s, but had lost control of a number of vassal states by 1400.
* The most powerful of these states was the [[Songhai Empire]], which expanded rapidly beginning with king [[Sonni Ali]] in the 1460s. By 1500, it had risen to stretch from [[Cameroon]] to the [[Maghreb]], the largest state in African history. It too was quite short-lived and collapsed in 1591 as a result of [[Morocco|Moroccan]] [[musket]]ry.
* Far to the east, on [[Lake Chad]], the state of [[Bornu Empire|Kanem-Bornu]], founded as Kanem in the 9th century, now rose to greater preeminence in the central Sahel region. To their west, the loosely united [[Hausa people|Hausa]] city-states became dominant. These two states coexisted uneasily, but were quite stable.
* In 1810, the [[Sokoto Caliphate]] rose and conquered the Hausa, creating a more centralized state. It and Kanem-Bornu would continue to exist until the arrival of Europeans, when both states would fall and the region would be divided between [[France]] and [[Great Britain]].
* The [[Jolof Empire]] ruled parts of [[Senegal]] from 1350 to 1549. After 1549, its vassal states were fully or ''de facto'' independent; in this period it is known as the [[Jolof Kingdom]]. It was largely conquered by the [[imamate of Futa Jallon]] in 1875 and its territories fully incorporated into [[French West Africa]] by 1890.
===Empires of 15th–19th century Africa===
From the 15th century until the final [[Scramble for Africa]] in the late 19th century a number of empires were also established south of the Sahel, especially in [[West Africa]].
====West Africa====
{{further|History of West Africa}}
The West African empires of this period peaked in power in the late 18th century, paralleling the peak of the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. These empires implemented a culture of permanent warfare in order to generate the required numbers of captives required to satisfy the demand for slaves by the European colonies. With the gradual [[abolitionism|abolition]] of slavery in the European colonial empires during the 19th century, slave trade again became less lucrative and the West African empires entered a period of decline, and mostly collapsed by the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/slav/hd_slav.htm|title=The Transatlantic Slave Trade|last=Bortolot|first=Alexander Ives|date=May 2009|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|access-date=13 January 2010}}</ref>
* The [[Kingdom of Dagbon]] was founded by [[Naa Gbewaa]] circa 11th Century. The Kingdom is one of the largest and oldest in modern Ghana. This kingdom spanned across Northern Ghana, North East Ivory Coast, Southern Burkina Faso and North West Togo. It is the progenitor of the Mossi Kingdoms of Burkina Faso founded by [[Yennega]], the Bouna of Ivory Coast and the Dagaaba states. The kingdom is known for its fierce resistance to slavery.
* The [[Kingdom of Nri]] was unusual in the history of world government in that its leader exercised no military power over his subjects. The kingdom existed as a sphere of religious and political influence over much of [[Igboland]], and was administered by a [[priest]]-[[king]] called the [[eze Nri]]. The eze Nri managed trade and diplomacy on behalf of the Igbo people, and was the possessor of divine authority in religious matters.
* The [[Oyo Empire]] (1400–1895) was a [[West African]] empire of what is today western [[Nigeria]]. The empire was established by the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] in the 15th century and grew to become one of the largest West African states. It rose to prominence through wealth gained from trade and its possession of a powerful [[cavalry]]. The Oyo Empire was the most politically important state in the region from the mid-17th to the late 18th century, holding sway not only over other Yoruba states, but also over the [[Fon people|Fon]] kingdom of [[Dahomey]] (located in the state now known as the [[Benin|Republic of Benin]]).
* [[Benin Empire]] (1240–1897), a pre-colonial African empire of modern [[Nigeria]], Ancient [[Benin Empire]] was one of the oldest and most highly developed states in the coastal hinterland of [[West Africa]], The empire offers a snapshot of a relatively well-organized and sophisticated African polity in operation before the major European colonial interlude.
* [[Kaabu|Kaabu Empire]] (1537–1867), a [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] Kingdom of [[Senegambia]] (centered on modern northeastern [[Guinea-Bissau]] but extending into [[Casamance]], [[Senegal]]) that rose to prominence in the region thanks to its origins as a former province of the [[Mali Empire]]. After the decline of the Mali Empire, Kaabu became an independent kingdom.
* [[Aro Confederacy]] (1690–1902), a trading union orchestrated by the [[Igbo people|Igbo]] subgroup, the [[Aro people]], centered in [[Arochukwu]] in present-day Southeastern [[Nigeria]].
* [[Bonoman]] (11th century–19th century), earliest known Akan state. Gold trading and Kola nut trading with Northern Neighbors brought wealth and prosperity to Akan creators of this state. Culture influenced much of modern Akan culture.
* [[Gbokpoe Dynasty]] was founded in 1700. This dynasty ruled [[Djanglanmey]], [[Grand-Popo|Grand-popo]]. In the region this clan was the famous slave trader.
* The [[Kingdom of Wémè]] was founded during the height of the slave trade in the late 17th century. Nowadays it is centred in modern-day [[Benin]], ruled by its own traditional legitimate monarch in the Ouémé Valley.
* [[Ashanti Empire]] (1701–1894), a pre-colonial Akan West African state of what is now the [[Ashanti Region|Ashanti]] Region in [[Ghana]]. The empire stretched from central [[Ghana]] to present day [[Togo]] and [[Côte d'Ivoire]], bordered by the [[Kingdom of Dagbon|Dagomba]] kingdom to the north and [[Dahomey]] to the east. Today, the [[List of rulers of Asante|Ashanti monarchy]] continues as one of the constitutionally protected, sub-national traditional states within the Republic of Ghana.
* Various states by [[Akan people]] (11th century–19th century)
* [[Kong Empire]] (1710–1898) centered in north eastern [[Côte d'Ivoire]] that also encompassed much of present-day [[Burkina Faso]].
* [[Bamana Empire]] (1712–1896), based at [[Ségou]], now in [[Mali]]. It was ruled by the Kulubali or Coulibaly dynasty established c. 1640 by [[Fa Sine]] also known as [[Biton-si-u]]. The empire existed as a centralized state from 1712 to the 1861 invasion of [[Toucouleur Empire|Toucouleur]] conqueror El Hadj [[Umar Tall]].
* [[Sokoto Caliphate]] (1804–1903), an Islamic empire in [[Nigeria]], led by the [[Sultan of Sokoto]], [[Sa'adu Abubakar]]. Founded during the [[Fulani Jihad]] in the early 19th century, it was one of the most powerful empires in sub-Saharan Africa prior to European conquest and colonization. The caliphate remained extant through the colonial period and afterwards, though with reduced power.
* [[Wassoulou Empire]] (1878–1898), a short-lived empire built from the conquests of [[Dyula people|Dyula]] ruler [[Samori|Samori Ture]] and destroyed by the French colonial army.
* [[Akwa Akpa]] (18th century), '''Duke Town''', originally known as '''Atakpa''', is an [[Efik people|Efik]] city-state that flourished in the 19th century in what is now southern [[Nigeria]]. The City State extended from now [[Calabar]] to [[Bakassi]] in the east and [[Oron (state)|Oron]] to the west.
* [[Ife Empire]] (1200 - 1420) The Ife Empire was the first empire in Yoruba history. It was founded in what is now southwestern Nigeria and eastern Benin today. The Ife Empire lasted from 1200 to 1420. Its capital city, Ilé-Ife, was one of the largest urban centers, the biggest emporium, and the wealthiest polity south of the Niger River during the mid-14th-century.
====Central Africa====
{{further|History of Central Africa}}
* The [[Kongo Kingdom]] (1400–1888) was a quasi-imperial state as is evident by the number of people and kingdoms that paid it tribute. If not for the large amount of text written by the EssiKongo that repeatedly called themselves a kingdom, they would be listed as the "Kongo Empire".
* The [[Luba Empire]] (1585–1885) arose in the marshy grasslands of the [[Upemba Depression]] in what is now southern [[Democratic Republic of Congo]].
* [[Lunda Empire]] (1660–1887) in what is now the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], north-eastern [[Angola]] and northwestern [[Zambia]]. Its central state was in [[Katanga Province|Katanga]].
* [[Central African Empire]] (1976–79) was a short-lived and self-stylised 'Imperial' [[one-party state]] ruled by an [[absolute monarch]] that replaced the [[Central African Republic]] and was, in turn, replaced by the restoration of the Republic.
====Southern Africa====
{{further|History of Southern Africa}}
The ancestors of the [[Kalanga people|Kalanga]]/[[Shona people|Karanga]] and [[Venda people|Venda]] people found in [[South Africa]], [[Botswana]], and [[Zimbabwe]] today would intermarry with [[San people|San Bushmen]] around the region of [[Limpopo]], forming the first ever drystone walling{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}, which dates back to 200 BC and is still found in [[Chiredzi]] today. The purpose of this drystone walling was to protect the king from dangers related to population increase and agricultural expansion. This drystone walling eventually lost its original purpose of protecting the king; thereafter it became a symbol of unity of the people and of the power of the king{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}. This would give rise to the [[Kingdom of Mapungubwe]]{{Clarify|reason = what is "this"?|date=June 2023}}, which was a sister city to the contemporaneous city [[Great Zimbabwe]]. The [[Kingdom of Mutapa|Mutapa Empire]] would rise in 1450{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}.
The [[Mutapa Empire]] or Empire of Great Zimbabwe (1450–1629) was a medieval kingdom located between the [[Zambezi]] and [[Limpopo River|Limpopo]] rivers of [[Southern Africa]] in the modern states of [[Zimbabwe]] and [[Mozambique]]. Remnants of the historical capital are found in the ruins of [[Great Zimbabwe]].
* [[Zulu Kingdom]]
* [[Maravi Empire]] or Marawi or Merowi or Merowe/Meroe Empire. Not to be confused with Ancient [[Meroe]].
* [[Kingdom of Mapungubwe]]
* [[Rozvi Empire]]
* [[Torwa Empire]]
* [[Xhosa people|Xhosa Kingdom]]
====East Africa====
{{further|History of East Africa}}
* The [[Empire of Kitara]] in the area of the [[African Great Lakes]] has long been treated as a historical entity<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theafricanhistory.com/1812|title = Empire of Kitara: One of the oldest African Empires that existed since 900 AD to date|date = 2 May 2021|website=Theafricanhistory.com}}</ref>
* The [[Kingdom of Buganda|Buganda Kingdom]] (1500–present), home of the [[Buganda|Buganda people]] of [[Uganda]]
* The medieval [[Swahili culture|Swahili city-states]]
* The [[Wanga Kingdom]], home of the Wanga (AbaWanga) tribe of the [[Luhya people]]. The largest empire in precolonial [[Kenya]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Owuor |first1=Bethwell |last2=Wycliffe |first2=Wanzala |last3=Martin |first3=Gakuubi |last4=Ndondolo |first4=Shiracko |title=A survey of ethnobotany of the AbaWanga people in Kakamega County, western province of Kenya |journal=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge |date=2016-01-01 |volume=15 |pages=93–102 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289534416 |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>
* [[Land of Punt|Ancient land of Punt]] (2500 BC)
* Ancient [[Barbara (region)|Barbara/Barbaroi]] cities and states mentioned in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century).
** [[Opone|Opone/Xāfūn]] (1000 BC – 5th century AD)
** [[Heis (town)|Mundus/Xīs]]
** [[Mosylon|Mosylon/Bōsāso]]
** [[Malao|Malao/Berbera]]
** [[Nikon (Somalia)|Nikon/Būr Gābo]]
** [[Sarapion|Sarapion/Muqdisho]]
* [[Kingdom of Aksum]] (1st century – 9th century)
* [[Kingdom of Bazin]] (9th century)
* [[Kingdom of Belgin]] (9th century)
* [[Kingdom of Jarin]] (9th century)
* [[Kingdom of Qita'a]] (9th century)
* [[Kingdom of Nagash]] (9th century)
* [[Kingdom of Tankish]] (9th century)
* [[Sultanate of Mogadishu]] (10th century – 16th century)
* [[Ethiopian Empire]] (1137–1974)
** [[Zagwe dynasty]] (1137–1270)
** [[Solomonic dynasty]] (1270–1974)
* [[Sultanate of Ifat]] (1285–1415)
* [[Isaaq|Isaaq Sultanate]] (17th century –1884)
* [[Ajuran Sultanate]] (1300s–1700s)
* [[Adal Sultanate]] (1415–1555)
* [[Sultanate of Harar]] (1526–1577)
* [[Emirate of Harar]] (1647–1887)
* [[Sultanate of the Geledi]] (late 17th century – late 19th century)
* [[Majeerteen Sultanate]] (mid-18th century – early 20th century)
* [[Sultanate of Aussa]] (1734–present)
* [[Kingdom of Gomma]] (early 1800s–1886)
* [[Kingdom of Jimma]] (1830–1932)
* [[Kingdom of Gumma]] (1840–1902)
* [[Sultanate of Hobyo]] (1880s–1920s)
* [[Dervish state]] (1896–1920)
====North Africa====
{{further|History of North Africa}}
===== Ancient North African empires =====
[[File:Carthage Holdings.png|alt=|thumb|268x268px|[[Ancient Carthage]] and its dependencies in 264 BC]]
Pre-[[Islam]]ic empires of North Africa:
* [[Ancient Egypt]] (3100–650 BC)
* [[Kingdom of Kerma]] (2500–1500 BC)
* [[Kingdom of Kush]] (1070 BC–350 AD)
** [[Nobatia]] (350–650 AD)
** [[Kingdom of Makuria|Makuria]] (340–1312 AD)
** [[Alodia]] (6th Century AD–1504 AD)
* [[Ancient Carthage]] (575–146 BC)
* [[Kingdom of Numidia]] (202 BC–40 BC)
=====Islamic North African empires=====
* In [[Algeria]]:
** [[Rustamid dynasty]] (776–909)
** [[Banu Ifran|Banu Ifran dynasty]] (830–1040)
** [[Zirid dynasty]] (947–1090)
** [[Fatimid dynasty]] (909–1171)
** [[Hammadid dynasty]] (1014–1152)
** [[Kingdom of Tlemcen]] (1235–1554)
** [[Kingdom of Ait Abbas]] (1510–1872)
** [[Kingdom of Kuku]] (1515–1638)
** [[Ottoman Algeria]] (1515–1830)
* In [[Morocco]]:
** [[Idrisid dynasty]] (789–974)
** [[Almoravid dynasty]] (1061–1145)
** [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad dynasty]] (1145–1244)
** [[Marinid dynasty]] (1244–1465)
** [[Wattasid dynasty]] (1471–1554)
** [[Saadi dynasty]] (1554–1666)
** [[Alaouite dynasty]] (1666–present)
* In [[Tunisia]]:
** [[Aghlabids|Aghlabid dynasty]] (800-909)
** [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid dynasty]] (Tunisian period) (921–969)
** [[Zirid dynasty]] (973–1148)
** [[Hafsid dynasty]] (1229–1574)
** [[Beylik of Tunis|Husainid dynasty]] (1705-1881)
* In [[Egypt]]:
** [[Tulunids|Tulunid dynasty]] (868–905)
** [[Ikhshidids|Ikhshidid dynasty]] (935–969)
** [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid dynasty]] (Egyptian period) (969–1171)
** [[Ayyubid dynasty]] (1171–1254)
** [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk dynasty]] (1250–1517)
* In [[Sudan]]:
** The [[Sennar Sultanate]] (1502–1821) was a [[sultanate]] in the north of [[Sudan]]. It was named Funj after [[Funj people|the ethnic group]] of its dynasty or Sinnar (or Sennar) after its capital, which ruled a substantial area of the Sudan region.
==Comparison==
[[Jan Vansina|Vansina]] (1962) discusses the classification of [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n kingdoms, mostly of Central, South and East Africa, with some additional data on West African (Sahelian) kingdoms distinguishing five types, by decreasing centralization of power:
# '''[[Despotic]] kingdoms''': Kingdoms where the king controls the internal and external affairs directly. Examples are Ruanda, Nkore, Soga and Kongo in the 16th century
# '''Regal kingdoms''': Kingdoms where the king controls the external affairs directly, and the internal affairs via a system of overseers. The king and his chiefs belong to the same clans or lineages.then the africans said u can '''SUCK MY DICK'''BITCH
# '''Incorporative kingdoms''': Kingdoms where the king controls only the external affairs with no permanent administrative links between him and the chiefs of the provinces. The hereditary chiefdoms of the provinces were left undisturbed after conquest. Examples are the Bamileke, Lunda, Luba, Lozi.
# '''Aristocratic kingdoms''': The only link between central authority and the provinces is payment of [[tribute]]. These kingdoms are morphologically intermediate between regal kingdoms and federations. This type is rather common in Africa, examples including the Kongo of the 17th century, the Cazembe, Luapula, Kuba, Ngonde, Mlanje, Ha, [[Zinza people|Zinza]] and [[Chagga States]] of the 18th century.
# '''Federations''': Kingdoms (such as the [[Ashanti Union]]) where the external affairs are regulated by a council of elders headed by the king, who is simply ''primus inter pares''.
==See also==
* [[History of Africa]]
* [[Classical African civilizations]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |author=Hunwick, John O. |title=Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʻdī's Taʼrīkh Al-sūdān Down to 1613 and Other Contemporary Documents |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |location=Leiden |year=2003 |pages=488 Pages |isbn=90-04-12822-0}}
* {{cite journal |last=Vansina|first=Jan |author-link=Jan Vansina |title=A Comparison of African Kingdoms |year=1962|journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=324–335 |doi=10.2307/1157437 |s2cid=143572050|jstor=1157437}}
* Turchin, Peter and Jonathan M. Adams and Thomas D. Hall: "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States", ''[[Journal of World-Systems Research]]'', Vol. XII, No. II, 2006, {{doi|10.5195/jwsr.2006.369}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=Gates, Henry Louis & Kwame Anthony Appiah |title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |publisher=Basic Civitas Books |location=New York |year=1999 |isbn=0-465-00071-1 |postscript=. 2095 pages |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi }}
* {{cite book |author=Hempstone, Smith |title=Africa, Angry Young Giant |publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC |location=Whitefish |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-548-44300-2 |postscript=. 664 pages}}
* {{cite book |author=Mwakikagile, Godfrey |title=Africa and the West |publisher=Nova Publishers |location=Hauppauge |year=2000 |isbn=1-56072-840-X |postscript=. 243 pages}}
* {{cite book |author=Oliver, Roland |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory05fage |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1975 |isbn=0-521-20981-1}}
* {{cite book |author=Oliver, Roland & Anthony Atmore |title=Medieval Africa 1250–1800 |url=https://archive.org/details/medievalafrica1200rola |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2001 |isbn=0-521-79372-6 |postscript=. 251 pages}}
* {{cite book |author=Shillington, Kevin |title=Encyclopedia of African History Volume 1 A–G |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2005 |isbn=1-57958-245-1 |postscript=. 1912 pages}}
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190519102901/http://www.africankingdoms.com/ African Kingdoms]
* [http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/Haffenreffer/yoruba2.html Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology] at [[Brown University]]
{{Empires}}
{{Africa topics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:African Empires}}
[[Category:Former empires in Africa| ]]
[[Category:Former countries in Africa|*]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Africa|*]]
[[Category:Pan-Africanism]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -10,5 +10,5 @@
Listed below are known African [[empire]]s and their respective capital cities.
-
+ggggggggjhbgudgnbundiburgutgr
==Historical development==
@@ -171,5 +171,5 @@
# '''[[Despotic]] kingdoms''': Kingdoms where the king controls the internal and external affairs directly. Examples are Ruanda, Nkore, Soga and Kongo in the 16th century
-# '''Regal kingdoms''': Kingdoms where the king controls the external affairs directly, and the internal affairs via a system of overseers. The king and his chiefs belong to the same clans or lineages.
+# '''Regal kingdoms''': Kingdoms where the king controls the external affairs directly, and the internal affairs via a system of overseers. The king and his chiefs belong to the same clans or lineages.then the africans said u can '''SUCK MY DICK'''BITCH
# '''Incorporative kingdoms''': Kingdoms where the king controls only the external affairs with no permanent administrative links between him and the chiefs of the provinces. The hereditary chiefdoms of the provinces were left undisturbed after conquest. Examples are the Bamileke, Lunda, Luba, Lozi.
# '''Aristocratic kingdoms''': The only link between central authority and the provinces is payment of [[tribute]]. These kingdoms are morphologically intermediate between regal kingdoms and federations. This type is rather common in Africa, examples including the Kongo of the 17th century, the Cazembe, Luapula, Kuba, Ngonde, Mlanje, Ha, [[Zinza people|Zinza]] and [[Chagga States]] of the 18th century.
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Umbrella term for some pre-colonial African kingdoms</div>
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<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg/300px-African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg/450px-African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg/600px-African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption>Diachronic map of <a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_African_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-colonial African kingdoms">pre-colonial African kingdoms</a></figcaption></figure>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_Africa_throughout_history" title="List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history">List of kingdoms in Africa throughout history</a></div>
<p><b>African empires</b> is an umbrella term used in <a href="/wiki/African_studies" title="African studies">African studies</a> to refer to a number of <a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_African_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-colonial African kingdoms">pre-colonial African kingdoms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> with multinational structures incorporating various populations and polities into a single entity, usually through conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Listed below are known African <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empires</a> and their respective capital cities.
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</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Historical_development"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical development</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Sahelian_kingdoms"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sahelian kingdoms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Empires_of_15th–19th_century_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Empires of 15th–19th century Africa</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#West_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">West Africa</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Central_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Central Africa</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Southern_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Southern Africa</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#East_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">East Africa</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#North_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">North Africa</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-9"><a href="#Ancient_North_African_empires"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient North African empires</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-10"><a href="#Islamic_North_African_empires"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Islamic North African empires</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Comparison"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Comparison</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_development">Historical development</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_empires&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sahelian_kingdoms">Sahelian kingdoms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_empires&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sahelian kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian kingdoms</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_mali.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mapa_mali.svg/220px-Mapa_mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mapa_mali.svg/330px-Mapa_mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mapa_mali.svg/440px-Mapa_mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> circa 1350</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Sahelian kingdoms were a series of medieval empires centred on the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>, the area of grasslands south of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>.
</p>
<ul><li>The first major state to rise in this region was the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire (Wagadu)</a>. The name Ghana, often used by historians, was the regional title given to the ruler of the Wagadu empire.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Civilizations_of_Africa_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Civilizations_of_Africa-8">[8]</a></sup> Centered in what is today <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, it was the first to benefit from the introduction of gold mining. Ghana's imperial era has been theorized to have initiated around 100 CE to 300 CE then come to dominate the region between about 750 and 1078. Smaller states in the region at this time included <a href="/wiki/Takrur" title="Takrur">Takrur</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Malinke" class="mw-redirect" title="Malinke">Malinke</a> kingdom of Mali to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a> centred on <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> to the east.</li>
<li>When Ghana atrophied in the face of invasion from the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a>, a series of brief kingdoms followed taking up the mantle of regional power, notably that of the <a href="/wiki/Sosso" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosso">Sosso (Susu)</a>; after 1235, the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> rose to dominate the region completely filling the imperial vacuum left by the once powerful Ghana Empire. Located on the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> to the west of Ghana in what is today <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, it reached its peak in the 1350s, but had lost control of a number of vassal states by 1400.</li>
<li>The most powerful of these states was the <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a>, which expanded rapidly beginning with king <a href="/wiki/Sonni_Ali" title="Sonni Ali">Sonni Ali</a> in the 1460s. By 1500, it had risen to stretch from <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, the largest state in African history. It too was quite short-lived and collapsed in 1591 as a result of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musketry</a>.</li>
<li>Far to the east, on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a>, the state of <a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Kanem-Bornu</a>, founded as Kanem in the 9th century, now rose to greater preeminence in the central Sahel region. To their west, the loosely united <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> city-states became dominant. These two states coexisted uneasily, but were quite stable.</li>
<li>In 1810, the <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a> rose and conquered the Hausa, creating a more centralized state. It and Kanem-Bornu would continue to exist until the arrival of Europeans, when both states would fall and the region would be divided between <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Jolof_Empire" title="Jolof Empire">Jolof Empire</a> ruled parts of <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> from 1350 to 1549. After 1549, its vassal states were fully or <i>de facto</i> independent; in this period it is known as the <a href="/wiki/Jolof_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jolof Kingdom">Jolof Kingdom</a>. It was largely conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Futa_Jallon" title="Imamate of Futa Jallon">imamate of Futa Jallon</a> in 1875 and its territories fully incorporated into <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> by 1890.</li></ul>
<h3><span id="Empires_of_15th.E2.80.9319th_century_Africa"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Empires_of_15th–19th_century_Africa">Empires of 15th–19th century Africa</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_empires&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Empires of 15th–19th century Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>From the 15th century until the final <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> in the late 19th century a number of empires were also established south of the Sahel, especially in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="West_Africa">West Africa</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_empires&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">History of West Africa</a></div>
<p>The West African empires of this period peaked in power in the late 18th century, paralleling the peak of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. These empires implemented a culture of permanent warfare in order to generate the required numbers of captives required to satisfy the demand for slaves by the European colonies. With the gradual <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolition</a> of slavery in the European colonial empires during the 19th century, slave trade again became less lucrative and the West African empires entered a period of decline, and mostly collapsed by the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Kingdom of Dagbon</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Naa_Gbewaa" title="Naa Gbewaa">Naa Gbewaa</a> circa 11th Century. The Kingdom is one of the largest and oldest in modern Ghana. This kingdom spanned across Northern Ghana, North East Ivory Coast, Southern Burkina Faso and North West Togo. It is the progenitor of the Mossi Kingdoms of Burkina Faso founded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yennega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yennega (page does not exist)">Yennega</a>, the Bouna of Ivory Coast and the Dagaaba states. The kingdom is known for its fierce resistance to slavery.</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Kingdom of Nri</a> was unusual in the history of world government in that its leader exercised no military power over his subjects. The kingdom existed as a sphere of religious and political influence over much of <a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a>, and was administered by a <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>-<a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Eze_Nri" class="mw-redirect" title="Eze Nri">eze Nri</a>. The eze Nri managed trade and diplomacy on behalf of the Igbo people, and was the possessor of divine authority in religious matters.</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a> (1400–1895) was a <a href="/wiki/West_African" class="mw-redirect" title="West African">West African</a> empire of what is today western <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. The empire was established by the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> in the 15th century and grew to become one of the largest West African states. It rose to prominence through wealth gained from trade and its possession of a powerful <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>. The Oyo Empire was the most politically important state in the region from the mid-17th to the late 18th century, holding sway not only over other Yoruba states, but also over the <a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a> (located in the state now known as the <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Republic of Benin</a>).</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin Empire">Benin Empire</a> (1240–1897), a pre-colonial African empire of modern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, Ancient <a href="/wiki/Benin_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin Empire">Benin Empire</a> was one of the oldest and most highly developed states in the coastal hinterland of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, The empire offers a snapshot of a relatively well-organized and sophisticated African polity in operation before the major European colonial interlude.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kaabu" title="Kaabu">Kaabu Empire</a> (1537–1867), a <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a> Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia</a> (centered on modern northeastern <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> but extending into <a href="/wiki/Casamance" title="Casamance">Casamance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>) that rose to prominence in the region thanks to its origins as a former province of the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>. After the decline of the Mali Empire, Kaabu became an independent kingdom.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aro_Confederacy" title="Aro Confederacy">Aro Confederacy</a> (1690–1902), a trading union orchestrated by the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> subgroup, the <a href="/wiki/Aro_people" title="Aro people">Aro people</a>, centered in <a href="/wiki/Arochukwu" title="Arochukwu">Arochukwu</a> in present-day Southeastern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bonoman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonoman">Bonoman</a> (11th century–19th century), earliest known Akan state. Gold trading and Kola nut trading with Northern Neighbors brought wealth and prosperity to Akan creators of this state. Culture influenced much of modern Akan culture.</li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gbokpoe_Dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gbokpoe Dynasty (page does not exist)">Gbokpoe Dynasty</a> was founded in 1700. This dynasty ruled <a href="/wiki/Djanglanmey" title="Djanglanmey">Djanglanmey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand-Popo" title="Grand-Popo">Grand-popo</a>. In the region this clan was the famous slave trader.</li>
<li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_W%C3%A9m%C3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Wémè (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Wémè</a> was founded during the height of the slave trade in the late 17th century. Nowadays it is centred in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, ruled by its own traditional legitimate monarch in the Ouémé Valley.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a> (1701–1894), a pre-colonial Akan West African state of what is now the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Region" title="Ashanti Region">Ashanti</a> Region in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>. The empire stretched from central <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> to present day <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Dagomba</a> kingdom to the north and <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a> to the east. Today, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Asante" title="List of rulers of Asante">Ashanti monarchy</a> continues as one of the constitutionally protected, sub-national traditional states within the Republic of Ghana.</li>
<li>Various states by <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan people</a> (11th century–19th century)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Empire" title="Kong Empire">Kong Empire</a> (1710–1898) centered in north eastern <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a> that also encompassed much of present-day <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bamana_Empire" title="Bamana Empire">Bamana Empire</a> (1712–1896), based at <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gou" title="Ségou">Ségou</a>, now in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>. It was ruled by the Kulubali or Coulibaly dynasty established c. 1640 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa_Sine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fa Sine (page does not exist)">Fa Sine</a> also known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biton-si-u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biton-si-u (page does not exist)">Biton-si-u</a>. The empire existed as a centralized state from 1712 to the 1861 invasion of <a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur</a> conqueror El Hadj <a href="/wiki/Umar_Tall" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar Tall">Umar Tall</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a> (1804–1903), an Islamic empire in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sokoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Sokoto">Sultan of Sokoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%27adu_Abubakar" title="Sa'adu Abubakar">Sa'adu Abubakar</a>. Founded during the <a href="/wiki/Fulani_Jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani Jihad">Fulani Jihad</a> in the early 19th century, it was one of the most powerful empires in sub-Saharan Africa prior to European conquest and colonization. The caliphate remained extant through the colonial period and afterwards, though with reduced power.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou Empire</a> (1878–1898), a short-lived empire built from the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Samori" class="mw-redirect" title="Samori">Samori Ture</a> and destroyed by the French colonial army.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Akpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Akwa Akpa">Akwa Akpa</a> (18th century), <b>Duke Town</b>, originally known as <b>Atakpa</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik</a> city-state that flourished in the 19th century in what is now southern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. The City State extended from now <a href="/wiki/Calabar" title="Calabar">Calabar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bakassi" title="Bakassi">Bakassi</a> in the east and <a href="/wiki/Oron_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oron (state)">Oron</a> to the west.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ife_Empire" title="Ife Empire">Ife Empire</a> (1200 - 1420) The Ife Empire was the first empire in Yoruba history. It was founded in what is now southwestern Nigeria and eastern Benin today. The Ife Empire lasted from 1200 to 1420. Its capital city, Ilé-Ife, was one of the largest urban centers, the biggest emporium, and the wealthiest polity south of the Niger River during the mid-14th-century.</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Central_Africa">Central Africa</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_empires&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Central Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Africa" title="History of Central Africa">History of Central Africa</a></div>
<ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Kongo_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongo Kingdom">Kongo Kingdom</a> (1400–1888) was a quasi-imperial state as is evident by the number of people and kingdoms that paid it tribute. If not for the large amount of text written by the EssiKongo that repeatedly called themselves a kingdom, they would be listed as the "Kongo Empire".</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Luba_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Luba Empire">Luba Empire</a> (1585–1885) arose in the marshy grasslands of the <a href="/wiki/Upemba_Depression" title="Upemba Depression">Upemba Depression</a> in what is now southern <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunda Empire">Lunda Empire</a> (1660–1887) in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>, north-eastern <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>. Its central state was in <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African Empire</a> (1976–79) was a short-lived and self-stylised 'Imperial' <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> ruled by an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute monarch">absolute monarch</a> that replaced the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> and was, in turn, replaced by the restoration of the Republic.</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Southern_Africa">Southern Africa</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_empires&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Southern Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Southern_Africa" title="History of Southern Africa">History of Southern Africa</a></div>
<p>The ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Kalanga_people" title="Kalanga people">Kalanga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Karanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda</a> people found in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> today would intermarry with <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San Bushmen</a> around the region of <a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a>, forming the first ever drystone walling<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, which dates back to 200 BC and is still found in <a href="/wiki/Chiredzi" title="Chiredzi">Chiredzi</a> today. The purpose of this drystone walling was to protect the king from dangers related to population increase and agricultural expansion. This drystone walling eventually lost its original purpose of protecting the king; thereafter it became a symbol of unity of the people and of the power of the king<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. This would give rise to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what is "this"? (June 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, which was a sister city to the contemporaneous city <a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Mutapa Empire</a> would rise in 1450<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.
The <a href="/wiki/Mutapa_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutapa Empire">Mutapa Empire</a> or Empire of Great Zimbabwe (1450–1629) was a medieval kingdom located between the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo</a> rivers of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> in the modern states of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>. Remnants of the historical capital are found in the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a>.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maravi_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maravi Empire">Maravi Empire</a> or Marawi or Merowi or Merowe/Meroe Empire. Not to be confused with Ancient <a href="/wiki/Meroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroe">Meroe</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rozvi_Empire" title="Rozvi Empire">Rozvi Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torwa_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torwa Empire (page does not exist)">Torwa Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa Kingdom</a></li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="East_Africa">East Africa</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_empires&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: East Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Africa" title="History of East Africa">History of East Africa</a></div>
<ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Kitara" title="Empire of Kitara">Empire of Kitara</a> in the area of the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> has long been treated as a historical entity<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Buganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Buganda">Buganda Kingdom</a> (1500–present), home of the <a href="/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda">Buganda people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li>
<li>The medieval <a href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili city-states</a></li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Wanga_Kingdom" title="Wanga Kingdom">Wanga Kingdom</a>, home of the Wanga (AbaWanga) tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Luhya_people" title="Luhya people">Luhya people</a>. The largest empire in precolonial <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Ancient land of Punt</a> (2500 BC)</li>
<li>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Barbara_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara (region)">Barbara/Barbaroi</a> cities and states mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i> (1st century).
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone/Xāfūn</a> (1000 BC – 5th century AD)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heis_(town)" title="Heis (town)">Mundus/Xīs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mosylon" title="Mosylon">Mosylon/Bōsāso</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao/Berbera</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_(Somalia)" title="Nikon (Somalia)">Nikon/Būr Gābo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion/Muqdisho</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> (1st century – 9th century)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bazin" title="Kingdom of Bazin">Kingdom of Bazin</a> (9th century)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Belgin" title="Kingdom of Belgin">Kingdom of Belgin</a> (9th century)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jarin" title="Kingdom of Jarin">Kingdom of Jarin</a> (9th century)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qita%27a" title="Kingdom of Qita'a">Kingdom of Qita'a</a> (9th century)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nagash" title="Kingdom of Nagash">Kingdom of Nagash</a> (9th century)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tankish" title="Kingdom of Tankish">Kingdom of Tankish</a> (9th century)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu" title="Sultanate of Mogadishu">Sultanate of Mogadishu</a> (10th century – 16th century)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> (1137–1974)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a> (1137–1270)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a> (1270–1974)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat" title="Sultanate of Ifat">Sultanate of Ifat</a> (1285–1415)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq Sultanate</a> (17th century –1884)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Sultanate</a> (1300s–1700s)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> (1415–1555)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Harar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Harar">Sultanate of Harar</a> (1526–1577)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Harar" title="Emirate of Harar">Emirate of Harar</a> (1647–1887)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_the_Geledi" title="Sultanate of the Geledi">Sultanate of the Geledi</a> (late 17th century – late 19th century)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate" title="Majeerteen Sultanate">Majeerteen Sultanate</a> (mid-18th century – early 20th century)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Sultanate of Aussa</a> (1734–present)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Kingdom of Gomma</a> (early 1800s–1886)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jimma" title="Kingdom of Jimma">Kingdom of Jimma</a> (1830–1932)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Kingdom of Gumma</a> (1840–1902)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Hobyo" title="Sultanate of Hobyo">Sultanate of Hobyo</a> (1880s–1920s)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dervish_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Dervish state">Dervish state</a> (1896–1920)</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="North_Africa">North Africa</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_empires&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: North Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">History of North Africa</a></div>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancient_North_African_empires">Ancient North African empires</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_empires&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancient North African empires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carthage_Holdings.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Carthage_Holdings.png/268px-Carthage_Holdings.png" decoding="async" width="268" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Carthage_Holdings.png/402px-Carthage_Holdings.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Carthage_Holdings.png/536px-Carthage_Holdings.png 2x" data-file-width="5016" data-file-height="3278" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Ancient Carthage</a> and its dependencies in 264 BC</figcaption></figure>
<p>Pre-<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> empires of North Africa:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> (3100–650 BC)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kerma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Kerma">Kingdom of Kerma</a> (2500–1500 BC)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a> (1070 BC–350 AD)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobatia" title="Nobatia">Nobatia</a> (350–650 AD)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Makuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Makuria">Makuria</a> (340–1312 AD)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a> (6th Century AD–1504 AD)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Ancient Carthage</a> (575–146 BC)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Numidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Numidia">Kingdom of Numidia</a> (202 BC–40 BC)</li></ul>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Islamic_North_African_empires">Islamic North African empires</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_empires&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Islamic North African empires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5>
<ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>:
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamid dynasty</a> (776–909)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Banu Ifran dynasty</a> (830–1040)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid dynasty</a> (947–1090)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimid dynasty</a> (909–1171)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadid dynasty</a> (1014–1152)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a> (1235–1554)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ait_Abbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ait Abbas">Kingdom of Ait Abbas</a> (1510–1872)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kuku" title="Kingdom of Kuku">Kingdom of Kuku</a> (1515–1638)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Ottoman Algeria</a> (1515–1830)</li></ul></li>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>:
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a> (789–974)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a> (1061–1145)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad dynasty</a> (1145–1244)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinid dynasty</a> (1244–1465)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasid dynasty</a> (1471–1554)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi dynasty</a> (1554–1666)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alaouite_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaouite dynasty">Alaouite dynasty</a> (1666–present)</li></ul></li>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>:
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabid dynasty</a> (800-909)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid dynasty</a> (Tunisian period) (921–969)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid dynasty</a> (973–1148)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid dynasty</a> (1229–1574)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Husainid dynasty</a> (1705-1881)</li></ul></li>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>:
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunid dynasty</a> (868–905)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikhshidids">Ikhshidid dynasty</a> (935–969)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid dynasty</a> (Egyptian period) (969–1171)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a> (1171–1254)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk dynasty</a> (1250–1517)</li></ul></li>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>:
<ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Sennar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sennar Sultanate">Sennar Sultanate</a> (1502–1821) was a <a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">sultanate</a> in the north of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. It was named Funj after <a href="/wiki/Funj_people" title="Funj people">the ethnic group</a> of its dynasty or Sinnar (or Sennar) after its capital, which ruled a substantial area of the Sudan region.</li></ul></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Comparison">Comparison</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_empires&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><a href="/wiki/Jan_Vansina" title="Jan Vansina">Vansina</a> (1962) discusses the classification of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a> kingdoms, mostly of Central, South and East Africa, with some additional data on West African (Sahelian) kingdoms distinguishing five types, by decreasing centralization of power:
</p>
<ol><li><b><a href="/wiki/Despotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Despotic">Despotic</a> kingdoms</b>: Kingdoms where the king controls the internal and external affairs directly. Examples are Ruanda, Nkore, Soga and Kongo in the 16th century</li>
<li><b>Regal kingdoms</b>: Kingdoms where the king controls the external affairs directly, and the internal affairs via a system of overseers. The king and his chiefs belong to the same clans or lineages.then the africans said u can <b>SUCK MY DICK</b>BITCH</li>
<li><b>Incorporative kingdoms</b>: Kingdoms where the king controls only the external affairs with no permanent administrative links between him and the chiefs of the provinces. The hereditary chiefdoms of the provinces were left undisturbed after conquest. Examples are the Bamileke, Lunda, Luba, Lozi.</li>
<li><b>Aristocratic kingdoms</b>: The only link between central authority and the provinces is payment of <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a>. These kingdoms are morphologically intermediate between regal kingdoms and federations. This type is rather common in Africa, examples including the Kongo of the 17th century, the Cazembe, Luapula, Kuba, Ngonde, Mlanje, Ha, <a href="/wiki/Zinza_people" title="Zinza people">Zinza</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagga_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chagga States (page does not exist)">Chagga States</a> of the 18th century.</li>
<li><b>Federations</b>: Kingdoms (such as the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Union">Ashanti Union</a>) where the external affairs are regulated by a council of elders headed by the king, who is simply <i>primus inter pares</i>.</li></ol>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_empires&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History of Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classical_African_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical African civilizations">Classical African civilizations</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_empires&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0816038139"><i>Cultural Atlas of Africa</i>, pp. 48 (Dr. Jocelyn Murray, 1998)</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0385041381"><i>Guide to African history</i>. pp.9 (1971, by Basil Davidson)</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mwakikagile, page 206</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1580462561"><i>Writing African History</i></a> pp. 303 (2007, ed John Edward Philips, art Dr Isaac Olawale Albert)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0006QF378"><i>African empires and civilizations: ancient and medieval</i></a> (1992, by George O Cox)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/search?index=books&linkCode=qs&keywords=0933121032"><i>African glory: the story of vanished Negro civilizations</i></a> pp. 77, (Prof. John Coleman De Graft-Johnson, 1954)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0684826674"><i>Africa in History</i></a> (1995, Basil Davidson)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-The_Civilizations_of_Africa-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Civilizations_of_Africa_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEhret2002" class="citation book cs1">Ehret, Christopher (2002). <i>The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081392085X" title="Special:BookSources/081392085X"><bdi>081392085X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilizations+of+Africa%3A+A+History+to+1800&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=081392085X&rft.aulast=Ehret&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+empires" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBortolot2009" class="citation web cs1">Bortolot, Alexander Ives (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/slav/hd_slav.htm">"The Transatlantic Slave Trade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Transatlantic+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2009-05&rft.aulast=Bortolot&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Ives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fslav%2Fhd_slav.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+empires" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theafricanhistory.com/1812">"Empire of Kitara: One of the oldest African Empires that existed since 900 AD to date"</a>. <i>Theafricanhistory.com</i>. 2 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theafricanhistory.com&rft.atitle=Empire+of+Kitara%3A+One+of+the+oldest+African+Empires+that+existed+since+900+AD+to+date&rft.date=2021-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheafricanhistory.com%2F1812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+empires" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOwuorWycliffeMartinNdondolo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Owuor, Bethwell; Wycliffe, Wanzala; Martin, Gakuubi; Ndondolo, Shiracko (2016-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289534416">"A survey of ethnobotany of the AbaWanga people in Kakamega County, western province of Kenya"</a>. <i>Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge</i>. <b>15</b>: 93–102<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Traditional+Knowledge&rft.atitle=A+survey+of+ethnobotany+of+the+AbaWanga+people+in+Kakamega+County%2C+western+province+of+Kenya&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=93-102&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.aulast=Owuor&rft.aufirst=Bethwell&rft.au=Wycliffe%2C+Wanzala&rft.au=Martin%2C+Gakuubi&rft.au=Ndondolo%2C+Shiracko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F289534416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+empires" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_empires&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHunwick,_John_O.2003" class="citation book cs1">Hunwick, John O. (2003). <i>Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʻdī's Taʼrīkh Al-sūdān Down to 1613 and Other Contemporary Documents</i>. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 488 Pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12822-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12822-0"><bdi>90-04-12822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timbuktu+and+the+Songhay+Empire%3A+Al-Sa%CA%BBd%C4%AB%27s+Ta%CA%BCr%C4%ABkh+Al-s%C5%ABd%C4%81n+Down+to+1613+and+Other+Contemporary+Documents&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=488+Pages&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-04-12822-0&rft.au=Hunwick%2C+John+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+empires" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVansina1962" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Vansina" title="Jan Vansina">Vansina, Jan</a> (1962). "A Comparison of African Kingdoms". <i>Africa: Journal of the International African Institute</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 324–335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1157437">10.2307/1157437</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1157437">1157437</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143572050">143572050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa%3A+Journal+of+the+International+African+Institute&rft.atitle=A+Comparison+of+African+Kingdoms&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=324-335&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143572050%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1157437%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1157437&rft.aulast=Vansina&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+empires" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Turchin, Peter and Jonathan M. Adams and Thomas D. Hall: "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_World-Systems_Research" title="Journal of World-Systems Research">Journal of World-Systems Research</a></i>, Vol. XII, No. II, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2Fjwsr.2006.369">10.5195/jwsr.2006.369</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_empires&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGates,_Henry_Louis_&_Kwame_Anthony_Appiah1999" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Henry Louis & Kwame Anthony Appiah (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi"><i>Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience</i></a></span>. New York: Basic Civitas Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00071-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00071-1"><bdi>0-465-00071-1</bdi></a>. 2095 pages</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Civitas+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-465-00071-1&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis+%26+Kwame+Anthony+Appiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanaencyclop00appi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+empires" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHempstone,_Smith2007" class="citation book cs1">Hempstone, Smith (2007). <i>Africa, Angry Young Giant</i>. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-548-44300-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-548-44300-2"><bdi>978-0-548-44300-2</bdi></a>. 664 pages</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%2C+Angry+Young+Giant&rft.place=Whitefish&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-548-44300-2&rft.au=Hempstone%2C+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+empires" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMwakikagile,_Godfrey2000" class="citation book cs1">Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2000). <i>Africa and the West</i>. Hauppauge: Nova Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56072-840-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56072-840-X"><bdi>1-56072-840-X</bdi></a>. 243 pages</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+and+the+West&rft.place=Hauppauge&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-56072-840-X&rft.au=Mwakikagile%2C+Godfrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+empires" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOliver,_Roland1975" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Roland (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory05fage"><i>The Cambridge History of Africa</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20981-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20981-1"><bdi>0-521-20981-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-521-20981-1&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory05fage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+empires" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOliver,_Roland_&_Anthony_Atmore2001" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Roland & Anthony Atmore (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalafrica1200rola"><i>Medieval Africa 1250–1800</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79372-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79372-6"><bdi>0-521-79372-6</bdi></a>. 251 pages</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Africa+1250%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-79372-6&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Roland+%26+Anthony+Atmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedievalafrica1200rola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+empires" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShillington,_Kevin2005" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, Kevin (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of African History Volume 1 A–G</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-245-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57958-245-1"><bdi>1-57958-245-1</bdi></a>. 1912 pages</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+History+Volume+1+A%E2%80%93G&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-57958-245-1&rft.au=Shillington%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+empires" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_empires&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519102901/http://www.africankingdoms.com/">African Kingdoms</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/Haffenreffer/yoruba2.html">Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/D%27mt" class="mw-redirect" title="D'mt">D'mt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Chinese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-greek</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha">Magadha</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_state" title="Median state">Median</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei_state" title="Xianbei state">Xianbei</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Nirun</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li>
<li>Bulgarian
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Burma">Burmese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_era" title="History of China">Chinese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy-Roman</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li>
<li>Burmese
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_era" title="History of China">Chinese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_dynasty" title="Alawi dynasty">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Vietnamese</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mac</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Le</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay son</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">African empires</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Africa_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topics" title="Template:Africa topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topics" title="Template talk:Africa topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Africa_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Africa-related_articles" title="Index of Africa-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient history of Africa">Antiquity</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">North Africa</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">Archaeology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">Pre-colonial kingdoms</a>
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Empires</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa" title="European exploration of Africa">European exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">European colonisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Slavery</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Africa" title="Economic history of Africa">Economy</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Empires</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Africa#Historiography_of_Africa" title="Talk:History of Africa">Historiography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Africa" title="Military history of Africa">Military</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">conflicts</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Science and technology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Africa" title="History of Central Africa">Central</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Africa" title="History of East Africa">East</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">North</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southern_Africa" title="History of Southern Africa">South</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">West</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_African_countries" title="List of highest points of African countries">Highest points</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impact_craters_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of impact craters in Africa">Impact craters</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_Africa" title="Natural history of Africa">Natural history</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Africa" title="List of regions of Africa">Regions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">South</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Africa" title="List of rivers of Africa">Rivers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa#Politics" title="Africa">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Africa" title="Elections in Africa">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa" title="Democracy in Africa">Democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_government_in_Africa" title="Category:Heads of government in Africa">Heads of government</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_in_Africa" title="Category:Heads of state in Africa">Heads of state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Africa" title="Human rights in Africa">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Africa_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Africa by country">Freedom of religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" title="LGBT rights in Africa">LGBT rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_linguistic_rights_in_African_constitutions" title="List of linguistic rights in African constitutions">Linguistic rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Africa#More_Women_Rights" title="Women in Africa">Women's rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">feminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_organisations_in_Africa" title="International organisations in Africa">International organisations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Africa">Politics</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Africa" title="Category:Political parties in Africa">parties</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Central banks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of African countries by GDP (nominal)">Countries by GDP (nominal)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of African countries by GDP (PPP)">Countries by GDP (PPP)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of African countries by Human Development Index">Countries by HDI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Africans_by_net_worth" title="List of Africans by net worth">Billionaires</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Africa" title="Education in Africa">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_in_Africa" title="Infrastructure in Africa">Infrastructure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Africa" title="Internet in Africa">Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Africa" title="Natural resources of Africa">Natural resources</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Africa" title="Poverty in Africa">Poverty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa" title="Renewable energy in Africa">Renewable energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_stock_exchanges" title="List of African stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_Africa" title="Birth control in Africa">Birth control</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Caste systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Climate change</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Africa" title="Etiquette in Africa">Etiquette</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_in_Africa" title="Category:Health in Africa">Health</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Africa" title="Media of Africa">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africa">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Africa" title="Sport in Africa">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Cricket_Association" title="Africa Cricket Association">Africa Cricket Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asian_Games" title="Afro-Asian Games">Afro-Asian Games</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_in_Africa" title="Australian rules football in Africa">Australian-rules football</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football" title="Confederation of African Football">Confederation of African Football</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FIBA_Africa" title="FIBA Africa">FIBA Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Africa" title="Rugby Africa">Rugby Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of African stadiums by capacity">Stadiums by capacity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tour_d%27Afrique" title="Tour d'Afrique">Tour d'Afrique</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">Countries by population</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population_density" title="List of African countries by population density">density</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Africa" title="Emigration from Africa">Emigration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Ethnic groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">HIV/AIDS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of African countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_Africa" title="Urbanization in Africa">Urbanization</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Africa" title="Lists of cities in Africa">cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Africa_by_population" title="List of urban areas in Africa by population">urban areas</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Africa" title="Youth in Africa">Youth in Africa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_in_Africa" title="Category:Years in Africa">By year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_Africa" title="2005 in Africa">2005</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Africa" title="2006 in Africa">2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Africa" title="2007 in Africa">2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 in Africa (page does not exist)">2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 in Africa (page does not exist)">2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 in Africa (page does not exist)">2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 in Africa (page does not exist)">2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 in Africa (page does not exist)">2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 in Africa (page does not exist)">2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 in Africa (page does not exist)">2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 in Africa (page does not exist)">2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Africa" title="2016 in Africa">2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2017_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2017 in Africa (page does not exist)">2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2018_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2018 in Africa (page does not exist)">2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 in Africa (page does not exist)">2019</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2020_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2020 in Africa (page does not exist)">2020</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Africa" title="Outline of Africa">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Africa-related_articles" title="Index of Africa-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1712617258' |
